Sains Malaysiana 54(6)(2025): 1477-1487

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5406-04

 

Potential of Macang (Mangifera foetida) Bark Extract on Antioxidant Levels and Pro-Apoptotic Proteins in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Exposed to Polystyrene Nanoplastics

(Potensi Ekstrak Kulit Macang (Mangifera foetida) pada Tahap Antioksidan dan Protein Pro-Apoptosis pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Terdedah kepada Nanoplastik Polistirena)

 

MAYA SAFITRI¹, FARAH ANNISA NURBANI¹, MULVI LULHAQ HIDAYATURROHMAN¹, FAIZ JAMALUDDIN¹, KHAIRANI RESTI WULANDARI¹, MANIKYA PRAMUDYA¹, FIRLI RAHMAH PRIMULA DEWI¹, LIM VUANGHAO² & ALFIAH HAYATI^1,*

 

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C, Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia

²Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 29 November 2023/Diterima: 21 April 2025

 

Abstract

Nanoplastics in the environment primarily originate from contaminated aquatic animals, detergent waste, and cosmetic products, which can accumulate in the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin exposure. This accumulation poses significant health risks, including reproductive health disruptions. This study aims to assess the potential of Mangifera foetida (macang) bark extract as an antioxidant to enhance immune and reproductive health in rats exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics (NP). Twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups: a control group, a negative control (10 µL/kg NP), and three treatment groups receiving 10 µL/kg NP with 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of M. foetidaextract for 35 days. The DPPH assay showed an IC₅₀ value of 22.176 ppm, indicating strong antioxidant activity of the bark extract. Exposure to NP reduced the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and increased pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Caspase-3), affecting the histological structure and size of the testes. Treatment with M. foetidaextract restored SOD and CAT levels while reducing Bax and Caspase-3 levels, improving histological structure by increasing the epithelium thickness and seminiferous tubule diameter. These findings suggest that M. foetida bark extract has potent antioxidant properties and can mitigate NP-induced toxicity, making it a promising protective agent.

Keywords: Antioxidant; apoptosis; health care; Mangifera foetida; nanoplastics

 

Abstrak

Nanoplastik dalam persekitaran biasanya berasal daripada kontaminasi haiwan akuatik, sisa detergen, dan produk kosmetik boleh terkumpul di dalam badan melalui pengambilan, penyedutan serta pendedahan kulit. Pengumpulan ini menimbulkan risiko kesihatan yang ketara, termasuk gangguan kesihatan reproduktif. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai potensi ekstrak kulit kayu Mangifera foetida (macang) sebagai antioksidan dalam meningkatkan kesihatan imun dan reproduktif pada tikus yang terdedah kepada nanoplastik polistirena (NP). Dua puluh lima tikus jantan dibahagikan kepada lima kumpulan: kumpulan kawalan, kawalan negatif (10 µL/kg NP) dan tiga kumpulan rawatan yang menerima 10 µL/kg NP dengan 50, 100 atau 200 mg/kg ekstrak M. foetida selama 35 hari. Ujian DPPH mendedahkan nilai IC₅₀ sebanyak 22.176 ppm, menunjukkan kekuatan aktiviti antioksidan ekstrak kulit kayu. Pendedahan kepada NP mengurangkan tahap enzim antioksidan endogenus (SOD dan CAT) dan meningkatkan protein pro-apoptosis (Bax dan Caspase-3) yang menjejaskan struktur histologi dan saiz testis. Rawatan dengan ekstrak M. foetida memulihkan tahap SOD dan CAT sambil mengurangkan tahap Bax dan Caspase-3, memperbaiki struktur histologi dengan meningkatkan ketebalan epitelium dan diameter tubul seminiferus. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak kulit M. foetida mempunyai sifat antioksidan yang kuat dan boleh mengurangkan ketoksikan yang disebabkan oleh NP, menjadikannya agen pelindung yang baik.

Kata kunci: Antioksida; apoptosis; Mangifera foetida; nanoplastik; penjagaan kesihatan

 

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: alfiah-h@fst.unair.ac.id